Project funded by NCN, carried out from 12 July 2019 to 11 July 2021
General Information
The activities of various types of armed groups, especially terrorist organisations, pose a formidable threat to the international community. The media often, especially in recent times when the activities of the so-called Islamic State have escalated, report on the crimes committed by members of this group, including mass executions, persecution of religious minorities, torture, recruitment of fighters among children and destruction of world cultural heritage sites. Despite attempts to find military solutions to neutralise the effects of the activities of such organisations, it has not yet been possible to find an effective way of halting their operations. Therefore, it is necessary at least to bring about a just trial and to hold to account those who commit such crimes.
Contemporary models of accountability are used to define the role of individual members of armed groups who are sentenced in criminal trials for their role in the group. However, the structure of such groups, the number and pattern of links between their members, and the complexity of their organisations do not allow traditional models of accountability to be considered adequate.
Project objectives
The objective of the research is to answer the question of effective methods for determining the responsibility of perpetrators of such crimes. The project will address the development of a model of accountability for crimes committed by armed non-state actors, be it the accountability of individual members or the accountability of such actors as a group, provided that the resulting model will ensure effective and fair adjudication of the perpetrators of such crimes.
Research
The research methods will focus on a dogmatic and legal-comparative analysis of the models of responsibility applied both in national legal orders and in international law, in order to find the model (or a compilation of features of several models) that seems to be the most suitable for addressing the research problem.
It will also be necessary to analyse the issues in question from the point of view of legal doctrine (criminal law and international criminal law), as well as to analyse specific examples where members of armed non-state actors have been held accountable (case study).
Importance of research for the development of legal practice
The project is a response to the challenges faced by both the international community and legal doctrine in effectively bringing perpetrators of the most serious crimes to justice. The findings will be applicable to the practice of criminal trials, both domestic and international, for example by contributing to fairer trials, both from the perspective of the victims of crimes and the perpetrators themselves.
Head: Hanna Kuczyńska, PhD, Professor INP PAN
W ramach badań prowadzonych nad realizacją projektu naukowego: „Kryteria oceny wewnętrznej spójności modelu procedury karnej. Analiza porównawcza”, finansowanego ze środków przyznanych w ramach grantu otrzymanego z Narodowego Centrum Nauki na podstawie umowy nr UMO-2016/21/B/HS5/02061, na lata 2017-2022 opublikowano:
Artykuły naukowe:
- Glosa do postanowienia SN z dnia 22 maja 2019 r. w sprawie I KZP 2/19 (OSNKW 2019, z. 6, poz. 32), „Orzecznictwo Sądów Polskich” 2020, nr 3;
- Better to explain or to testify? The procedural position of a defendant in a comparative perspective, “Comparative Law Review” publikacja w 2021;
- Pozycja procesowa oskarżonego jako osobowego źródła dowodowego w Polsce i Anglii – rozważania prawno-porównawcze, „Studia Prawnicze” 2019, nr 2;
- Mechanisms of elimination of undesired evidence from criminal trial, w: Brazilian Journal of Criminal Procedure, Vol. 7, n. 1 (Revista Brasileira de Direito Processual Penal) – “Admissibility of Evidence in the Criminal Process. Between the Establishing of the Truth, Human Rights and the Efficiency of Proceedings”;
Rozdział w pracy zbiorowej:
- „Model idealny procesu mieszanego o zwiększonej kontradyktoryjności i jego komponenty”, w: Ewolucja polskiego wymiaru sprawiedliwości w latach 2013-2018 w świetle standardów rzetelnego procesu, (red.) C. Kulesza, A. Sakowicz, Białystok 2019, Temida 2;
- „Wpływ obrony na zawartość akt sprawy karnej jako warunek pełnej realizacji zasad procesu karnego”, w: Quo vadit processus criminalis? Proces karny sensu largo – rzeczywistość i wyzwania, (red.) A. Małolepszy, R. Olszewski, Łódź 2020;
- Model reguł dopuszczalności dowodów w państwach anglosaskich na przykładzie Wielkiej Brytanii, w: Artes serviunt vitae sapientia imperat. Proces karny sensu largo. Rzeczywistość i wyzwania. Księga jubileuszowa Profesora Tomasza Grzegorczyka z okazji 70. urodzin, (red.) J. Kasiński, A. Małolepszy, P. Misztal, R. Olszewski., K. Rydz-Sybilak, D. Świecki, Warszawa-Łódź 2019;
- Sprawiedliwość czy „zwycięstwo za wszelką cenę”: podejście prokuratora do zasady prawdy materialnej – analiza porównawcza, w: Istota i zasady procesu karnego 25 lat później. Księga poświęcona pamięci Profesora Andrzeja Murzynowskiego, (red.) H. Gajewska-Kraczkowska, M. Rogacka-Rzewnicka, Warszawa 2019.